The Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare - 1146 Words

How certain can one be that they will see tomorrow? How certain can one be that they will see the next second? In William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, all of the characters face uncertainty at some point in the story. The character of Hamlet is, for lack of a better term, a laggard; he procrastinates like no other, making him an uncertain character in his entirety. His most famous line is â€Å"To be, or not to be? That is the question.† The entire scene is about Hamlet’s uncertainty about suicide and death. The ghost is masked in uncertainty. Who is it? Is it real? Why is it around? Ophelia is constantly uncertain of Hamlet and his feelings towards her. Is she a young lady or a little girl? Does she realize the sexual connotations Hamlet makes when he speaks to her? What about Queen Gertrude? Does she know the truth about King Hamlet’s death? Does she marry his brother because she loves him, or because Denmark needs a king? The multiple themes of Hamlet are very obvious: morality, revenge, and death. The all-encompassing theme of Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet is uncertainty. You can tell by the decisions made by characters, the way people speak to one another, and the characters backgrounds. First of all, when speaking of uncertainty, the play begins with the question â€Å"Who’s there?† The very beginning of this tragedy is a soldier being uncertain of who is nearing him at his post. The fact that the first line is a question of who is around the current characterShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1427 Words   |  6 PagesWhy has Hamlet’s rage led him to a death that was destined to happen? Simple, his absolute motive was to seek revenge for the death of his father, who was once the King of Denmark. In this tragedy, Hamlet wanted to put on this image of an insane man. This would mislead the people around him from his intentions of killing King Claudius, who is strangely his uncle and â€Å"father† simultaneously. Claudius takes the throne for Denmark after pouring poison down King Hamlet’s ear without leaving any evidenceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam S hakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet is a misfortunate play that exhibits Prince Hamlet’s internal and external conflicts which show the ultimate purpose of the story. Revenge is perhaps the greatest theme in Hamlet, and is shown by the conflicts Prince Hamlet has with his family, friends, and a girlfriend as well as within his self. The anguish Hamlet feels towards his new father and his mother is magnified by the discovery that they were both involved in his father, the king’s, murder. ThisRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1131 Words   |  5 PagesTragedy, according to American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, is a drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances. In William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, tragedy is no short supply. Shak espeare takes the reader on a journey of epic proportions through the struggles and conflicts, internal andRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1543 Words   |  7 Pagesplay, The Tragedy of Hamlet, seems to have a domino effect. As Hamlet tries to get his revenge, he brings ruin upon the kingdom. Hamlet is self-doubtful; he doubts himself to a point where he does not know what is true in his life. He constantly contradicts himself, causing many people, whose death was unintended, to die. In Williams Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, in order to portray Hamlet’s tragedy, Shakespeare uses soliloquies, metaphors, symbolism, and anti-thesis. Shakespeare utilizesRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1604, William Shakespeare finished one of the most famous plays of revenge in English history. This play has left a plethora of questions, most left unanswered even after the hundreds of scholars who have analyzed it. The complexity and multiple facades of the characters, the use of many themes, and the symbols in this play have been construed into a delicate tale; Shakespeare purposely left out many details in order to shroud this piece in mystery. In The Tragedy of Hamlet, Shakespeare s vagueRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare2594 Words   |  11 PagesJulian A tragedy is a dramatic work that is about a character whose tragic flaw leads to his downfall and to the demise of many of the other characters. William Shakespeare was a playwright during the Elizabethan Era who was made famous for his literary works of tragedies, comedies and sonnets. One of Shakespeare?s most renowned tragedies is Hamlet. In this classic tragedy the protagonist, Hamlet, pursues revenge and seeks justice against the antagonist, Claudius, for the murder of King Hamlet. As aRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s, The Tragedy of Hamlet, each character stands out in unique ways. Madness is one of the crucial themes as Shakespeare depicts the chaotic turbulence in the Hamlet family and the court of Denmark. Though she is generally read as a minor character, Ophelia’s madness reveals the struggle of the female character that attempts to have a voice of her own. Ophelia’s life ce rtainly seems tragic based on Aristotle s definition of tragedy, which says that â€Å"A tragedy is the imitationRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay1829 Words   |  8 PagesThe tragedy of Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare is one of the best tragedies ever written. The term hamartia, coined by the philosopher Aristotle in his writing Poetics, can be defined as â€Å"tragic flow,† to miss the mark â€Å"leading to a mistake† (American Heritage Dictionary). Aristotle points out that: tragedy is an imitation not only of a complete action, but of events inspiring fear or pity as well as the tragic hero must not be an utter villain or a perfect man, but he must be, then: theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1931 Words   |  8 Pages William Shakespeare is an English Poet known for his famous dramatized writings. Shakespeare was born in the United Kingdom in April. Here are some of his legendary texts: â€Å"Macbeth†, â€Å"Julius Caesar†, and â€Å"Hamlet†. â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet† was written during the sixteenth century and was performed in 1609. Shakespeare writes this tragedy to reveal the roles of women during the Middle Ages. Back then females were referred as noblewomen and were expected to do the following: run households, take careRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe tragedy of Hamlet was an inordinately fascinating play with many profoundly intriguing characters that did a great many heroic and disappointing things despite the intricacy and arduousness to understand the true personality William Shakespeare intended for each. At the beginning of the play, as Hamlet has decided to pretend madness, he pretends he does not love Ophelia anymore, he even rejects her and insults her (Act 3, scene 1). This, of course, means that he has been in love with her before

Law and morals Free Essays

Law and morals Part A Law has been defined by Sir John Salmons as the body of principles recognized and applied by the state in administration of Justice. There are two theories on what law Is, the natural law theory and the positivist law theory Lloyd a natural law theorist defined the law as the constant assertion that there are objective moral principles which depend upon the natural of the universe and can be discovered by reason Natural law theorists believe that for law to be valid It must coincide with natural law. Natural law theorist Aristotle describes natural law to be the law of nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and morals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Positivist law theorists such as John Austin would describe law as ‘a law which exists to be law though we happen to dislike It’ positivists such as Jeremy Beneath rejected natural law theories, he describes them as ‘nonsense on stilts’ his key argument was that natural law was based on principles that could not be proved. Legal positivists believe that a law that is made In a manner recognized by the sovereign power of the state is valid irrespective of its content. Legal rules have many different characteristics. For example breach of legal rules can result in state sanctions and reoccurred – a S. 47 PAPA 1861 offence carried and a maximum sentence of 5 years. Compliance is not a matter of choice when it comes to legal rules. These rules are imposed upon all members of society. Compulsory compliance applies to judge made decisions as well. The case of R v R established that man could be found guilty of raping his wife, this was a Judge made law. Fuller would argue that this is not valid law as it is retrospective. Legal rules are made and take affect at a precise time. A precedent is created in the Judgment of case and it applies to future cases and rower courts. The legislation will only start to take effect at a precise time for example the Smoke Free Premises and Enforcement Regulations , implemented a ban on smoking in public places , were made on 13th December 2006 but came in to effect on the 1st of July 2007. Phil Harris defines society ‘Morality as a set of beliefs, values, principles and standards of behavior. Compliance with moral rules is voluntary, so people have a choice as to whether or not they follow these. People make personal decisions as to what they consider moral and immoral. Moral duties of Individuals ray. For example some people may believe that abortion is immoral while others consider It acceptable. Moral rules develop gradually. They often stem from religious rules made thousands of years ago. Over time, what society once considered Immoral, can become acceptable. For example attitudes towards homosexuality continue to change Moral rules are enforced Informally , usually through social or domestic pressure for example John terry lost his title as the England football team captain because of his Infidelity Sir John Salmons describes the relationship teen law and morality as two Intersecting circles, with the Intersection representing laws with moral values and the separate areas for laws and morals with no connection. Many laws have a moral connection such as the law against murdering another person this can be traced back to religious scriptures such as the 10 Commandments and is punishable by a mandatory life sentence Public morality can influence changes in the law, like abortion was legalized by the Abortions Act consenting adults as society changed to accept homosexuality the more law has followed this change by reducing the age of consent to make it the same for trousseaux couples in 2000. Law reform may result from a campaign to change public morality. Howard league for penal reform persuaded the government to take a look at capital punishment. The government refused to change the laws because society considered death penalty to be morally correct. Subsequently a pressure group was set up, during the years of 1955-1957 public opinion was changed by the campaign; and the government introduced laws to abolish the death penalty Public morality can be influenced by law reform such as the Disability Discrimination Act 995 as by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005, which makes it against the law to discriminate against disable people in any areas of employment, education, access to goods, facilities and services and the function of public authorities. It can be argued that legislation is introduced to with the aim of educating the public to recognize morally wrong behavior. Thus demonstrating the convergence between the two Some legal rules appear to have no moral connection. Like the fact that smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol is legal but cannabis is illegal. Road traffic laws such as irking on a yellow line. In Britain there is no Good Samaritan law, however we all have a moral duty to help those around us if they are in danger. For example a passer-by will not be legally held responsible if they don’t help someone drowning. But they do have a moral duty to help them this was shown in 2007 when 2 Peso’s were subjected to bad media and moral outcry when they failed to help a drowning boy. The reason for divergence between moral and legal rules is that the moral attitude might not me widespread and they may not reflect popular morality The UK as a large multicultural, multiracial society, with citizens with different views on politics and religion. For example some people regard abortion as immoral while others see it as acceptable for medical reasons only at the second reading of the human fertilization and embryology bill on may 20th 2008 MSP voted against reducing the current 24 weeks abortion limit to 20 weeks. Therefore demonstrating that although there is a relationship between Law and Morality it will always be partial. Art B The wolfed report was issued in 1957; it was set up to consider the law relating to nonsexual acts prostitution, also to see the function of the criminal law in such cases. The committee said the function of the law is to pressure public order and decency and to protect citizens from what is offensive or injurious and to provide sufficient safeguards against exploitation and corruption of others, particularly those who are vulnerable. The function of the committee is not to intervene in private life of citizens or to enforce any particular pattern of behavior. The committee made three proposals which were, homosexual acts between two concerting adults should e made legal, soliciting in the streets should be made an offence and selling of services for money should be a private matter. The Hart and Devils debate was prompted by the wolfed report by the wolfed report. The focus of the debate was the extent to which the law can enforce moral rules. Lord Devils set out his view in a book (the enforcement of morals, with Hart setting up his views in his own book that the minority should not be made to conform to the view of the majority when in private. Sir James Stephen argued in his book liberty, equality, fraternity (1874) that o shouldn’t attempt to distinguish between self-regarding act and acts which regards others is like an attempt to distinguish between acts which happen in time and acts that may happen in space. The wolfed report supported Harts view that law and morality should be separate, however various cases decided since the report show that Judges are imposing their moral views on their Judgments, for example R v Brown. This is an example of how moral change led to legal change. Devil’s views are in line with those of Sir James Stephen, as Devils believed that individual privacy should be respect. How to cite Law and morals, Essays

Parliamentary Submission on Legalizing Pill Testing of Ecstasy

Question: Discuss about the Parliamentary Submission on Legalizing Pill Testing of Ecstasy. Answer: Introduction In the last 20 years, the attention of the public health sector has been steering toward Social Determinants of Health (SDOH). These social determinants are the factors outside of medical care, which shape health and are influenced by societal policies in significant ways. There is a significantly large amount of evidence that has been accumulated and which gives compelling data on the role that social factors play in shaping population health across a broad range of settings, indicators, and populations (Marmot and Bell, 2012; Braveman, Egerter, and Williams, 2011; Adler and Stewart, 2010). There have been several researches done which aimed at assessing the impact that social factors have on health. Some of these researches include those by McGinnis and colleagues where they estimated that preventable mortality (10%-15%) was caused by aspects of medical care (McGinnis Williams-Russo, and Knickman, 2002). Studies by Mackenbach (1996) showed that the results by McGinnis et al., were underestimated, which affirms the significance that social factors play. McGinnis and Foege (1993) in their research, showed that 50% of the deaths that occur in the US were as a result of behavioral causes. Health commences in our communities, neighborhoods, workplaces, schools, and homes. It is common knowledge that staying healthy involves adopting habits that promote one's health such as getting immunized, not smoking, visiting a medical center when sick, staying active, and eating well. In addition to adoption of positive habits, our health can be influenced by economic and social opportunities; available support and resources in our communities, neighborhoods, and homes; workplace safety; schooling quality; cleanliness of air, food, and water; as well as the nature of relationship and social interactions. Importance of Addressing SDOH Healthy People 2020, emphasizes the significance of focusing on health social determinants by encompassing the creation of physical and social environments that encourage and bolster good health for every individual (Healthy People, 2010). The World Health Organization shares the same emphasis and to that end, it published the 2008 report: Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Some examples of social determinants include accessing healthcare; public safety; exposure to disorder, crime, and violence; social attitudes and norms, among many others. By working toward establishment of policies that impact economic and social conditions in a positive manner as well as those that encourage changes in individual behavior, the larger population health will be improved in sustainable ways and over long durations of time. By improving the quality of individual relationships with each other as well as the conditions of our playing, working, learning, and living places, it will be possible to create a population workforce and society that is healthy. Several scientific literatures have delved into the relative contributions made by behavioral, environments, and social factors in the promotion of health and in the reduction of premature mortality (Chiu et al., 2009; Lee Paxman, 1997). These studies have given similar conclusions that when it comes to health, factors that are non-medical play a greater role than those that are medical. Researchers have estimated that accessing high quality medical care could result in 20% prevention of avoidable deaths. 60% of avoidable deaths are attributed to environmental, behavioral, and social health determinants while the remaining 20% are due to a person's genetic makeup (McGinnis et al., 2002). Other researches allude similar patterns for diseases that are more specific such as diabetes, stroke, and heart disease (Hu et al., 2001; Platz et al., 2000; Stampfer et al., 2000). Scope of the Problem The last six years has seen a sharp increase of NSW hospital visits by ecstasy users. A study done in emergency units of 59 NSW health facilities showed that patient presentations in these facilities by persons aged between 16 and 24 years increased to 814 in 2015 from 413 in 2010. These patients presented themselves with ecstasy related complications and complaints (Christodoulou, Hanna, Balendra, and Worthington 2016). The year 2015, recorded the worst statistics in the history of music festivals with four deaths occurring between the months of September and December. The total deaths reached an all time of 6 in 2015 and included the demise of Stefan Woodward and Sylvia Choi who passed on after attending Stereosonic festivals in Adelaide and Sydney respectively (Christodoulou et al., 2016). This rise in ecstasy related death toll points to the urgent need for the government to consider revising its hard-line stance of not legalizing pill testing. Consumption of illicit drugs and especially ecstasy is quite common among young people. A survey by the EDRS(2014) shows that approximately 7% of persons between the ages of 18-19 years and 11% of persons between the age of 20-29years had consumed the drug over a 12 month period prior to conducting the survey. The survey also showed that 70% of ecstasy consumption occurs in dance parties, festivals, and clubs. Wide support of Pill Testing Availing pill-testing kits or setting up testing booths in places and venues where there is high consumption rates of ecstasy could be a way of informing users on the content of the said drugs. There is equipment that is capable of carrying out real time tests and this could help users check the drugs beforehand (Ritter, 2010). Research indicates that there is high support among youth for pill testing. A 2013 national survey carried out by the Australian National Council on Drugs and which included 2,300 participants, showed that 82% of the respondents aged 16-25 supported the introduction of pill testing. These findings are consistent with the overall views held by youth: better information for better decisions (Ritter, 2014). The idea of pill testing is not a radical one. There are countries across Europe including France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, and the Netherlands which provide the service as an intervention for harm reduction. (Ritter, 2014) Reasons why ecstasy pill testing should be legalized The first reason is that there is evidence that pill testing changes the black market. When a product is identified as a danger and is subsequently labelled as a hazard, it is likely to leave the market (Ritter, 2014). The second reason is that research has shown that over time, the contents of tested pills correspond to the component that is expected. What this implies is that there is high likelihood of resulting in positive changes in the black market. Thirdly, behavioural change is eminent. A study done in Austria showed that 50% of persons who submitted their drugs for testing said that the result affected their choice to consume or not. Of the surveyed population, two thirds indicated that that they would opt not to consume the drug and would go a step further and warn their friends against consuming the same in cases where the results were negative (Ritter, 2014). Fourthly, a visit to a pill testing booth is an opportunity to access information and support that goes beyond the testing. These booths allow drug service providers to access a population that is normally difficult to access as the users do not experience any acute drug problems. The fifth reason is that pill testing allows for the opportunity for the various stakeholders to capture data on the actual substances in drugs used on site. This also means that an early warning system can be created. This will be especially useful as there are new psychoactive ingredients that are being added as adulterants and in a more frequent manner Regulation or prohibition of recreational drugs has been an issue that society has grappled with over a long period of time. Although it is at times necessary to prohibit the use of recreational drugs, it also poses the risk of increasing danger. Besides the harmful effects that these drugs pose, the untested and unregulated nature of the market exposes them to contamination or adulteration. More specifically, there are three risks that are related to illicit drug production (Hunt et al, 2003): contamination during the process of production; adulteration using cutting, bulking, imitation, or cheap agents; dosages that are excessively pure or strong. The aforementioned problems are common in parties in held in places including night clubs, festivals, and music events. Most often, party drugs are pills that can be easily adulterated and impossible to sight quickly (Schroers, 2002). Ecstasy pills sold and distributed in Australia rank among the highest with regard to causing danger. This was revealed after conducting a review of more than 27,000 pills in five countries and over a period of one decade (Project Know, 2014) The said ecstasy pills have the highest toxicity as well as the highest amount of potentially fatal ingredients (PMA)(Project Know, 2014). In the period between 2000 and 2004, there were a total of 112 fatalities, all linked to ecstasy use. This lead to the identification of ecstasy toxicity as a high clinical risk (Kaye et al., 2009) The drug policy in Australia is founded on three pillars namely: harm reduction, demand reduction, and supply reduction. States such as Victoria have policies in place that focus on demand reduction via deterrence. This is done using sniffer dogs. However, the success rate of the sniffer dog programs is unsatisfactory in terms of drug detection and prosecution outcomes. The program is also a health risk as people may be tempted to consume their drugs at one go to avoid arrest and this could potentially result in death of the consumer. An alternative approach, based on harm reduction, provides the best way forward. This will include drug market monitoring for the creation of an early warning system, on-site pill testing, data publication from drug seizures carried out by police in parties. For starters, on-site pill testing reduces the potential for persons to consume illicit drugs as most opt not to use them once they are alerted on contents and strength risks. Secondly, early warning systems are effective in preventing consumption of fatal drugs. Thirdly monitoring of the drug market and campaigning against harmful drugs results in withdrawal of such drugs from the market (Kaye, 2009). A monitoring system would allow for easier diagnoses in healthcare facilities as well as treatment of patients in emergency rooms as well as in the field. Forensic police departments in States such as Victoria compile data on drug seizures that though comprehensive, is not shared or publicized. No legislative change would be required to publicize the information and neither would it require large amounts of additional resources (Kaye, 2009). Harm reduction calls for the evaluation of policies with regard to overall impact of drug harm and not on the overall impact of drug use. It is therefore the recommendation of this Submission that the primary concern should be proposed measures' effectiveness in harm reduction of drugs of unknown toxicity and purity, even when they will not contribute necessarily to drug use reduction. Effectiveness of pill testing Several surveys show that pill testing reduces consumption of high risk recreational drugs (Tregoning Submission). In a hypothetical study done in Australia, 76% of the participants reported that they would refrain from consuming a drug that had unknown ingredients in it. A majority (63%) were interested in the availability of pill testing. With regard to GHB, on-site testing can also detect the presence of this substance in alcohol which could prevent date rape and spiking (Johnston et al., 2006) Recommendations Establishment of a Dutch model drug-monitoring network that allows for public members to submit drugs for testing. These will be located in various places and the data submitted to a central depository for laboratory analysis Establishment of an early warning system with data collection form police seizures, systematic monitoring, and on-site testing. Research on the legality of doctors accepting drugs from their patients which will be sent for analysis at a central laboratory. Setting up of on-site pill testing booths in hot zones such as music festivals. Administration of on-site testing by qualified laboratory personnel. On-site testing is carried out by experts using mass spectrometry and chromatography. Discourage sale and distribution of on-site testing kits that use reagents. Avail data from drug seizures to the health sector, support services, and other stakeholders. Publication of data collected from drug seizures to act as public warnings and inform on drug market trends. Discontinuation of PAD Dog program in music festivals. Universities to collaborate on availing on-site lab-grade testing. On-site testing facilities users be required to be interviewed or to fill a questionnaire References Braveman P, Egerter S, Williams DR (2011). The social determinants of health: coming of age.Annu Rev Public Health.32:38198. Chiu, G. R., Araujo, A. B., Travison, T. G., Hall, S. A., McKinlay, J. B. (2009). Relative contributions of multiple determinants to bone mineral density in men. Osteoporos Int, 20(12), 2035-2047. doi: 10.1007/s00198-009-0895-0 Christodoulou, Hanna, Balendra, and Worthington (2016) Government urged to consider pill testing as number of ecstasy users appearing at NSW hospitals doubles. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-15/ecstasy-government-pressured-to-consider-party-drug-testing/7166220 EDRS (2014) 2014 Drug Trends Conference Handout https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/2014%20Drug%20Trends%20Conference%20Handout%20EDRS.pdf Healthy People(2010)Secretarys Advisory Committee on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2020.Healthy People 2020: An Opportunity to Address the Societal Determinants of Health in the United States.July 26, 2010. Available from:https://www.healthypeople.gov/2010/hp2020/advisory/SocietalDeterminantsHealth.htm Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med, 345(11), 790-797. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010492 Hunt, N et al (2003). A review of the evidence-base for harm reduction approaches to drug use, Forward Thinking on Drugs, 33, accessed at https://www.ihra.net/files/2010/05/31/HIVTop50Documents11.pdf on 6 March 2016. Johnston, J et al (2006). A survey of regular ecstasy users knowledge and practices around determining pill content and purity: Implications for policy and practice, International Journal of Drug Policy 17: 464-472. Kaye, S et al (2009). Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-related fatalities in Australia: Demographics, circumstances, toxicology and major organ pathology, 104 Drug and Alcohol Dependence 3: 254-261. Lee, P., Paxman, D. (1997). Reinventing public health. Annu Rev Public Health, 18, 1-35. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.1 Mackenbach JP.(1996) The contribution of medical care to mortality decline: McKeown revisited.J Clin Epidemiol.49:120713. Marmot M, Bell R.(2012). Fair society, healthy lives.Public Health.126(Suppl 1):S410. McGinnis JM, Foege WH (1993). Actual causes of death in the United States.JAMA.270:220712. McGinnis JM, Williams-Russo P, Knickman JR. (2002)The case for more active policy attention to health promotion.Health Aff (Millwood)21:7893. Platz, E. A., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., Giovannucci, E. (2000). Proportion of colon cancer risk that might be preventable in a cohort of middle-aged US men. Cancer Causes Control, 11(7), 579-588. Project Know (2014) Jagged Little Pill: Examining the contents of 27,000 ecstasy pills, Project Know: Understanding Addiction, 2014, accessed at https://www.projectknow.com/discover/jagged-little-pill/ on 14 April 2016. Ritter, A (2014) Six reasons why Australia should pilot pill testing party drugs, National Drugs and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), UNSW Faculty of Medicine, NSW, accessed at https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/blog/six-reasons-australia-should-pilot-pill-testing-party-drugs on 23rd March 2017. Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C. (2000). Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med, 343(1), 16-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007063430103 Tregoning, W. Submission to NSW Department of Premier and Cabinet on pill testing and drug checking processes, 23rd March 2016, accessed at https://www.dpc.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/181184/DPC16-01642.pdf World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health.Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health.Available from:https://www.who.int/social_determinants/en