Gender roles in the nursing profession

Gender roles in the nursing profession The discussion of the results is presented in this chapter. More specifically, it presents, the demographic data gathered, the male nurses point of view in choosing to be in the nursing profession, their experiences as male nurses, and the stereotyping regarding males experienced in the profession. Most importantly, this chapter of the thesis presents relevant literature that supported and disputed the results found by the research. Also, the strengths and limitations of the study are discussed. 5.2 Demographic data The thesis results showed, in relation to the demographic data, that the majority, 28 nurses, or 80.7% of the male nurses were between the ages of 20 to 35 years old and that 32.2% worked for less than five years. This data conformed to the data collected from a qualitative study of Lou et. al., (2009), where 83.8% of the participants were under the age of 35 years, and 49.4% had been working for less than five years. The present results revealed that a greater part of the male nurse population was diploma holders (59%) and 26% baccalaureate graduates. These results are similar to Lous et. al., (2009), studies conducted in Taiwan where 47.1% of male nurses were in the possession of an undergraduate degree The thesis results showed that male nurses usually worked in male wards (58%) and mixed wards (42%) and never (0%) in female wards. These mixed or male wards included the emergency department, operating room, pediatric area, psychiatry, medical area, and intensive care unit (LaRocco, 2007). Similarly, in Norway and other Western countries, male nurses usually worked within the health sectors limited parts such as the psychiatry and acute medicine ward and administration (Bakken 2001). In terms of speciality, 24% worked in the operating rooms (Lou, et.al. 2009, p 905). In fact, psychiatry is one of the most common fields where 15% of all male nurses transfer to (Abrahamsen, 2004). Furthermore, Dassen et.al. (1990) found that in The Netherlands, men were dominating technical wards, and critical care units(p.367). It seems that they wanted to be involved in less feminine aspect of nursing. As Evans argues (1997), to compromise his reputation in patriarchal society, men in nursing develop different strategies as to occupy administrative and elite specialty positions in order to protect themselves from the feminine image of nursing .The latest results from UK reveal that one third of the almost 100,000 nurses who have a mental health qualification are men (Torjensen Waters, 2010, p.21). In the 1960s, men were not allowed to enter the delivery room and this still remains until today. Even though inequity is diminishing, situations like these in areas such as the obstetrics and gynecology departments continue (Chung, 2006). This may then be attributed as the primary reason why the study results found that 0% of the responses worked in female wards. However, it is worth mentioning that in Malta, up to the 1960s female nurses were excluded from the male wards (Camilleri, 1964). 5.3 Challenges that male nurses encounter at work The present findings indicated that approximately half of male nurses were aware of opportunities in the nursing profession. With increased postgraduate qualifications, pursuance of managerial positions is fast paced (OLynn Tranberger, 2006, Marsland, et al, 2003) among the male nurse respondents, and their propensity to earn more is improved (Hader, 2005). Also, studies found that it is easier or quicker for males to acquire top managerial positions than their female counterparts (Kvande 1998, Hoel 1995). Similarly, Abrahamsen (2002), findings showed that 70% of male nurses after twenty years from graduation were in leadership position, and away from somatic wards. Furthermore, Yang (2004) found that the male nurses future development has more potential because their careers would not be disrupted by a maternity leave. In addition, an interview done by LaRocco (2007), confirms as one man stated that being a male in a predominantly female profession sets you up to be recognized (p.1 27). In contrast, most of the respondents in this survey, or 61% disagreed that men in nursing are promoted quickly, which is not in the agreement with the statement of Williams (1992), that men in nursing are privileged minority which enables them to move out of female dominated profession by the glass escalator to the most rewarded and respected jobs reserved only for men in this patriarchal society. In relation to this, LaRoccos (2007), study showed that one man revealed his income to be below $50,000, while three indicated that theirs was greater than $100,000 per year (p.123). However, the findings of Stoltenberg et.al.,(2008), suggest that nursing needs to continue to raise the bar pay, because only 46.67% of male nurses rated nursing as financially rewarding. Hence, these results are in agreement with the thesis results findings where only 32% of male nurses agreed that nursing provides good salary and benefits. Despite these advantages, some men, however, find inequities in other fields, like obstetrics and gynecology, which put considerable pressure on them (Williams 1995, Tseng 1997). Truly, Hart (2005) found that 56% of male nurses were seen as muscles(p.48), and uncaring by their female colleagues, just because of their gender. This then puts a strain on how the male and female nurses communicate with their colleagues (Hart, 2005). Furthermore, some studies found that males perceive that being in a predominantly female profession brings about a low status upon the male nurses (MacDougall, 1997; Williams, 1989). In History of Nursing in Malta, during 19th Century, it was written that the social class from which nurses were recruited was illiterate and without any education, and that the same conditions existed in other European countries (Camilleri,1964). Also, labeling nursing as an extension of womens domestic role devaluated profession in relation to male occupation. Although this image is changing, many negative images still persist. Further still, in relation to the slight increase of men in the nursing profession, uneven numbers of male nurses are leaving compared to female nurses due to deficient respect from their colleagues, job dissatisfaction and problems arising in a predominantly female profession (Sochalski, 2002). However, results in this research revealed that majority, or 88%of respondents disagreed that men in nursing feel insecure because it is a female dominated profession. Findings in this thesis suggest that male nurses in Malta do not feel as they are crossing segregated work boundaries, and infiltrate in female domain (Bagilhole Cross 2006, p.35). In addition to, 71% of men in nursing in this survey expressed that they are satisfied with the work they do. As one respondent wrote nursing is a males profession as the other profession or jobs are. Hence, this result tally with findings of Rochlen et. al., (2009) where men employed as nurses were satisfied with their work in non-traditional career. According to Avery (2007), despite the feminine image in nursing, nursing is profession for everyone, due to the fact that men were present in nursing since 250 B.C when males-only nursing schools opened in India(p.1). They continued playing an important role in nursing (Meadus, 2000), until F lorence Nightingale stated that Every woman is a nurse, establishing nursing as only one gender profession.(Fitzerald, 2007), and portraying the presence of the men nurse in this profession as an anomaly(Meadus, 2000, p.6). 5.4 Respondents motivation for choosing a traditionally female profession The present findings indicated that 48% or fifteen male nurses choose the nursing profession to help others. As one male nurse replied there is nothing better than being able to help people, and bringing smile to others. However, 16% or 5 respondents stated that the money kept them in the profession. These results coincide well with previous studies of Bartlett et.al.,(1999) where altruism and job satisfaction, rather than extrinsic rewards, have been found to be the main motivating factor for male nurses. Furthermore, Laroccos (2007) study showed that eight men specifically stated that connecting with patients and aiding people are important factors when nursing is considered. One participant also added that I just thought of nursing as caring for patients (LaRocco, 2007, p.126). Moreover, according to Boughn (1994), Brown and Srones (1971), Bush (1976), Garvin (1976), Mannino (1963) and Perkins et al. (1993), interaction with patients and helping people are important reasons in choosing nursing. Even Taylor et al. (1983), Skevington Dawkes, (1988), Galbraith, (1991), Cyr, (1992), Kelly, et al (1996), MacDougall, (1997) suggested that caring for others and having the desire to be of help is a main factor for men in choosing a career in nursing. Family and friends also served as the motivation for the resulting 26% or 8 of the male nurses who took part in this thesis survey. Positive family influence, like a nurse relative, a mother who is a nurse, became a good motivation for men. Moreover, in La Roccos (2007) study, five of the interviewees had a mother nurse. This response was found to be similar to the results of this thesis where three males had a mother nurse, and surprisingly one respondent had both parents working as nurses. Also, these findings conformed to the data collected from a qualitative research of Whittock et. al., (2003), where positive influence, for most participants, on choosing nursing as a career comes from the parents, specifically mothers who worked in nursing sector or other healthcare profession. Also, friends who gave positive reactions helped with their career choice of being a nurse (LaRocco, 2007). Eleven men in LaRoccos (2007) study, claimed that their family was very pleased with their caree r choice. In contrast, some men were discouraged by both family and friends, to enter the field of nursing and other medical fields (LaRocco, 2007). As found in a study done in the UK, only 12% of the male nurses said that their parents were happy about their career choice (Skevington Dawkes, 1988). Abrahamsen (2004), also stated that most men who decide to qualify as a nurse find themselves problematic because the decision to become a nurse causes family and friends disbelief and surprise. In a society where nursing is seen as a female profession, very often family and friends ask, You want to be a nurse? Why not a doctor? I guess they feel that traditionally males are doctors and females are nurses.( Chung, 2006, p.1). Other than that, ten percent of the male nurses who served as the respondents for this study stated that their motivation was good pay and security. It seems that nursing in Malta, according to the data collected from the survey, is being one of the last secure job posts, as one respondent replied. Furthermore, Yang (2004), interviewed a man who stated One day I noticed a statement in the newspaper which said, Male nurses earn as much as NT$ 50,000 per month, so I put nursing department down on my form as my choice (Yang, 2004, p.645). In addition, LaRocco (2007), also had a dialogue with a male nurse who stated I knew I would always have a job, [and] I did it for a steady job that I could handle (LaRocco, 2007, p.125 ). Most importantly, Boughn (1994) found that money and job security were two major motivations for choosing nursing. On the other hand, Simpson (2005), found several reasons that motivate men to seek a non-traditional career, and one of them was that most were not seek ing entry(p.365). They entered female-dominated occupations almost bydefault in that they were not actively seeking such entry, but simply fell into it.(Williams Villemezs s, 1993 p. 66.)These results are in agreement with the results in this study where, three or 10% of respondents couldnt give the reason for choosing nursing as a career, which suggests, as found previously, that they were not actively seeking such job but simply fell into it, either through availability or convenience(Simpson , 2005, p.365). Finally, the least percentage of participant stated that they considered nursing as a last resort and one even said: I didnt get accepted by any school except for that nursing one, so it was my only choice, and I studied there (Yang 2004, p.645). The findings in this thesis revealed that two nurses or 6% didnt have other career opportunity, which supports the previous research results of Yang (2004). The findings also showed that these nurses were age over 40 and with working experience of more than 20 years. These two respondents stated that fear to change, and lack of a good opportunity where the reasons for remaining in nursing profession. 5.5 Perceived stereotypes of men in nursing In addition to the problem that nursing is a female profession, male nurses also have to face the problem of overcoming the stereotype that they are gay or effeminate (Williams, 1995). Some of the stereotypes that these male nurse have to contend with were presented in the thesis results that 52% of male nurses were not embarrassed of their choice of profession. These results are similar to the findings of Hart (2005), where 40% of respondents sometimes feel awkward or defensive when asked about their profession(p.47). According to the thesis results, most of the respondents or 64% strongly disagreed that men in nursing are being questioned if they are a real men. Furthermore, 77% disagreed that men in nursing are too gay or feminine. These findings revealed that they are not in agreement with the results of several studies that have found supporting data regarding these stereotypes. For example, because of inequities, male nurses sexuality is usually questioned and they are labelled as homosexuals (Kelly, et al, 1996). Moreover, Wingfield also reported that men in nursing consider themselves as sufferers of homophobic abuse, with a respondent even claiming that Ive been called awful things-you faggot this, you faggot that (2009, p.23). Furthermore, Harding (2007), explored discourses which stereotyped or labeled male nurses as gay and conflate homosexuals and sexual predators(p.639). Also Harding (2007) reported that majority of men in nursing are heterosexual but public perception is still that most male nurses are gay. This stereotype persists only in general nursing, men working as psychiatric nurses are perceived as masculine due to need of physical strength. Although society is becoming more comfortable with men as nurses, nearly half or 48% of the respondents experienced the stereotype that men choose nursing because they failed to enter a medical course. Because of the situations and stereotypes, a more serious stereotypical belief was formed that male nurses are not appropriate caregivers (Evans, 2002). Truly, different societal norms have created concepts of caring as something that is not included in masculine images of males, and that caring falls under a female conception (Evans, 2002). Evans (2002) found out that for men nurses touching patients is potentially dangerous, and that men are vulnerable caregivers(p. 7). Similar results were found by Abrahamsen (2004), where male nurses were minority in somatic wards due to the fact that they were pressurized by their friends and family to apply for more masculine jobs or seek a leadership positions, because it is not natural for men to undertake intimate nursing tasks (p.12). Gender stereotyping creates a compound and conflicting situation of rejection, acceptance and doubt for male nurses ability as caregivers and nurturers (Evans, 2002). Thus, as a sad effect of this, and to avoid tight situations, some male nurses alter their caring principles and nursing roles (Egeland Brown, 1989; Kauppinen-Toropainen Lammi, 1993). Even though, studies of Ekstrom (1999) resulted that male nurses exhibit lower caring behaviours, they in general, do not effect the care given to the patients. As Mac Doughall (1997) stated, man do have ability to care, but they need to be shown how. (p.813). Lately, society is becoming more comfortable with men as nurses. As Cyr (1992), stated, the art and science of nursing has not always been a predominantly female profession(p.54). 5.6 Conclusion In all, this chapter has presented a discussion of the findings of the study. The various demographic profiles of the respondents, the reasons for choosing nursing, the experiences, and the stereotypes among male nurses in Malta were presented, with subsequent presentations of other relevant studies. At the end of the analysis and discussion, it was found that various related literatures, both old and new, confirmed the results of the study, while there were a few others that disputed it. Overall, the findings suggested that men employed in nursing, are just as committed to the profession as women. 5.7 Strengths and Limitations of the study It should be noted that this study has several limitations and strengths. Firstly, the chosen sample does not represent male nurses as a whole. The male nurses that work in Gozo, and other different hospitals in Malta were not included in this research. Moreover, a satisfactory response rate (88.6%) helped strengthen the outcome of the study. However, the purpose of the study was not intended to allow generalisation among the male nurses working in different hospitals in Malta and Gozo. Secondly, a self- administered questionnaire was used to collect data, and thus all data that were used in this study were self-reported. Although the questions for the survey were carefully chosen and modified by the researcher reading an extensive literature especially Smith (2008), it seems that some of the respondents did not understand that their sexual orientation was not questioned, but only concept of gender stereotype. To avoid similar misunderstandings, in future studies, a focus group design method could contribute to explain the motivation for choosing nursing as a profession, and career development of male nurses in a female dominated profession. The rather high response rate of 88.5% indicated that male nurses were interested in subject, and this helped strengthen the outcome of the study. Although in this study, the research tool was a questionnaire, some qualitative data were also obtained. Despite being time limited prior to specific deadlines, this study has educated and motivated the researcher to understand more nursing as a science. Although this study was purely quantitative, some findings provided valuable information about male nurses in a female dominated profession. Further qualitative research could give clearer picture about the real perceptions of men in nursing, and establish the extent to which the findings from this research can be applied in more general context. The next chapter shall conclude this dissertation with recommendation for further research, and implications in nursing.

Floor Cleaning Process

II. FLOOR CARE, CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE A. Floor Cleaning Process B. Stripping/Wet Scrubbing Procedures Submitted by: MC GERALD G. SALDO Submitted to: Mrs. Juliet P. Diloy November 26, 2012 III. FLOOR CARE, CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE G. Floor Cleaning Process A. STRIPPING FLOORS Stripping is the elimination of embedded dirt, oil and old layers of floor finish and sealer. The process completely cleans and prepares floors for the application of new coats, floor sealer or floor finish ( wax ). Floor stripping products are used for this purpose. Supplies and Equipment Needed:MopMop Wringer Hand GlovesFloor Stripper or PolisherWax Remover |Steps |Procedures | |First, clear the area of dirt and spots so that the dirt/soil will|Sweep or vacuum the floor thoroughly. Remove sticky deposits or | |not be absorbed by the stripping solution. |material with a putty knife. | |Place a caution sign to prevent slips on the floor. |Place the sign in the working area â€Å"Wet floor, watch your stepâ € . | |Prepare the stripping solution.The dilution will depend on the |Mix 1 gallon of floor stripper to 4 gallons of water in a bucket, | |degree of soil. Heavy soil needs higher dilution. |for every floor area of 250 square meters. | | |Dilution sometimes varies for different types of stripper. Read | | |the instructions on the label. Dip the mop on the solution. Do not| | |squeeze the mop. Spread the solution and cover the whole area. |Soften the old film to make stripping easier to accomplish. |Spread the solution on the floor with a mop and let it be absorbed| | |for 10-12 minutes. | |Scrub the area thoroughly from the farthest to the nearest. |Use a floor machine with an abrasive pad or brush, depending on | | |the type of floor. | |Pick up the softened and suspended film, dirt and soil. |Use a mop or use a wet-dry vacuum. | |Rinse the floor thoroughly. Remove all cleaning solution, using a clean mop. Use a different | | |mop for rinsing. Make sure the coats are even. | |Let the floor dry completely. |Once dried, the floor is now ready for the application of wax or | | |floor finish. | STRIPPING TIPS: 1. In case of particularly stubborn residuces (example: in the commercial sector) use undiluted if required. 2. Do not allow stripper to dry out on the floor. For this reason, work in sections. . Before stripping floor coverings (e. g. , rubber flooring), check for color and material fastness at an inconspicuous spot. If necessary, dilute Stripper even more and apply several times using a short standing time. 4. Wear rubber gloves during use and ensure that the rooms to be treated are well ventilated. Do not spray sensitive surfaces (e. g. , wood, metal, varnished surfaces) with the cleaning or stripping solution. 5. Store stripping solution in a cool, dry place in, closed, original container. Keep it locked and out of the reach of children. B. SEALING FLOORSSealing follows stripping. A floor sealer-chemical is applied on the floor to protect the surfaces and to act as a bond between the floor sealer and the finish (wax). Sealing helps to smoothen rough surfaces and scratches. It also protects the floor of other types of floor abuse thereby enhancing its appearance. Supplies and Equipment Needed: Wet Mopplastic liner Sealer solution |Steps |Procedures | |1. Prepare the floor area. |Place the caution sign in a visible location. | | | | |Put supplies and equipment in the floor area to be sealed. | | | | | |Put plastic bag (liner) into the empty bucket that is to be used for| | |the sealer solution, then pour sealer into the lined bucket. | | | | |Using the plastic bag liner keeps the bucket clean and keeps the | | |sealer from becoming contaminated with any residue that might be in | | |the bucket. | |2. Dip the damp mop head into the bucket with a sealer. |Wring out gently such that the mop head is wet but does not drip. | |3.Trace/outline the entire area to be sealed. |Start in one of the baseboards in the farth est corner of the room. | | | | | |If the entire area cannot be out-lined before the sealer dries, | | |apply the sealer to the floor along the baseboards covering as much | | |of the traces/outline as possible. |4. Apply the sealer to the floor area. |Work by sections, do a side to side motion, starting from the | | |farthest corner and moving backward toward the door. Overlap the | | |strokes. Avoid having puddles of sealer on the floor. |5. Allow the floor to dry completely before applying wax. |If recoating is needed, follow the same steps above stated. | ———————– Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (CvSU) Don Severino de las Alas Campus Indang, Cavite ((046) 415-0010 / 415-0011 ((046)415-0012 Email Address: [email  protected] com STRIPPING SEALING FINISHING MAINTAINING

Definitions of Ged (Argumentative Essay) Samples

Definitions of Ged (Argumentative Essay) Samples You start with asking a question, which is a great way to get started. Another vital point you've to keep in mind about the argumentative papers is they ought to be coherent and exhibit a particularly smooth stream of ideas. Have a look at each question carefully and take a small time to work out the topic and what type of answer is going to be expected. The only problem includes grammar problems like harmful rather than harm in the question at the start. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. Such type of evidence is just occasionally required. In reality, you are able to choose any topic which you find interesting. To begin with, you must realize that however much unpredictable the topic could be, practice still makes perfect sense. Deciding upon an appropriate topic is a vital step that will ultimately have an enormous effect on your final grade. Writing an essay for the literary part of the GED (General Education Development) test ought to be easy, as it's the same as writing any other sort of essay for your class. These topics are usually about general topics that don't require you to be a specialist on any area. You can't ignore the significance of a very good topic. Attempt to know the topic and what's expected in your answers. It's possible to read through GED essay examples to understand the way the topics are written. Do not appear through the topics before you select. Alternately, you are able to look around you and choose an interesting social topic. It is a whole outline of the way to prepare an argumentative essay for college. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. In the event of a GED essay, this is particularly important, as you need to be persuasive to let graduation committee know that you're an intelligent and intriguing student. Studying for your GED test utilizing sample questions is among the best study practices you may utilize. If at all possible, your test prep should comprise essays scored by means of an instructor. If you truly are intent on obtaining a top score on your test, you might want to look at buying a GED study guide. Before you commence studying, determine which test is supplied in your state. Gossip, Lies and Ged ( Argumentative Essay ) Samples Samples are the tools that produce the whole writing process simpler. It's possible to tell about yourself and some intriguing experience you've had. You'll give evidence from the passage along with from your expertise and experience. Along with regular essay instructions, a sample response is supplied for review. The True Meaning of Ged ( Argumentative Essay ) Samples There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clien ts seeking urgent assistance. You might have to collect plenty of data so as to produce the paper well-informed, specific, persuasive, and up-to-date. Simply type example of an argumentative essay and you'll discover distinctive sorts of samples. Even if know the content very well, it isn't smart to choose the test in one day because it's going to be difficult to concentrate on the whole paper, so one needs to divide the test in no of days to score well. A great argumentative essay is an essay in which a student is ready to present her or his views in an effective and convincing fashion, taking the assistance of argument for a vehicle for delivering the last conclusion. You may even highlight certain words or phrases in the stimulus so that you always have the option to look back to confirm that you're on track. If you want, highlight the critical words and phrases in the stimulus to have the ability to look at it from time to time to make sure you adhere to the topic. State your opinion on the subject. The Ultimate Ged ( Argumentative Essay ) Samples Trick You don't need to compose a creative essay, you simply have to make sure you write appropriate grammar. If you realize that you are stuck in regards to writing an essay, request somebody's assistance to assist you proceed through writing an essay. The argumentative essay has a particular format that has to be followed to blow the mind of the reader, and it is particularly helpful for students along with the corporate when making strategic proposals. To be sure your argumentative essay appears complete and neat, utilize the offered 5-paragraph structure. You'll have 45 minutes to finish your essay. You have 45 minutes to make your essay. Your 45 minutes will go quickly so concentrate on these essential points to acquire the very best score. Taking a couple of minutes at the start to structure your essay can help you save you valuable writing time later.

How Insects Find Their Food Plants

Many insects, like caterpillars and leaf beetles, feed on plants. We call these insects phytophagous. Some phytophagous insects eat a variety of plant species, while others specialize in eating only one, or just a few. If the larvae or nymphs feed on plants, the insect mother usually lays her eggs on a host plant. So how do insects find the right plant? Insects Use Chemical Cues to Find Their Food Plants We dont have all the answers to this question yet, but heres what we do know. Scientists believe that insects use chemical smell and taste cues to help them recognize host plants. Insects differentiate plants based on their odors and tastes. The chemistry of the plant determines its appeal to an insect. Plants in the mustard family, for example, contain mustard oil, which has a unique smell and taste to a foraging insect. An insect that munches on cabbage will probably also munch on broccoli since both plants belong to the mustard family and broadcast the mustard oil cue. That same insect would probably not, however, feed on squash. The squash tastes and smells completely foreign to a mustard-loving insect. Do Insects Use Visual Cues, Too? Heres where it gets a little tricky. Do insects just fly around, sniffing the air and following odors to find the right host plant? That might be part of the answer, but some scientists think theres more to it. One theory suggests that insects first use visual cues to find plants. Studies of insect behavior demonstrate that phytophagous insects will land on green things, like plants, but not brown things such as soil.  Only after landing on a plant will the insect use those chemical cues to confirm whether or not it has located its host plant. The smells and tastes dont actually help the insect find the plant, but they do keep the insect on the plant if it happens to land on the right one. This theory, if proved correct, would have implications for agriculture. Plants in the wild tend to be surrounded by a diversity of other plants. An insect looking for a host plant in its native habitat will invest a good deal of time landing on the wrong plants. On the other hand, our monoculture farms offer pest insects a nearly error-free landing strip. Once a pest insect finds a field of its host plant, it will be rewarded with the right chemical cue almost every time it lands on something green. That insect is going to lay eggs and feed until the crop is overrun with pests. Can Insects Learn to Recognize Certain Plants? Insect learning may also play a role in how insects find and choose food plants. Some evidence suggests that an insect develops a preference for its first food plant—the one where its mother laid the egg from which it hatched. Once the larva or nymph consumes the original host plant, it must go in search of a new food source. If it happens to be in a field of the same plant, it will quickly encounter another meal. More time spent eating, and less time spent wandering around looking for food, yields healthier, stronger insects. Could the adult insect learn to lay her eggs on plants that grow in abundance, and thus give her offspring a higher chance to thrive? Yes, according to some researchers. The bottom line? Insects probably use all of these strategies—chemical cues, visual cues, and learning— in combination to find their food plants. Resources and Further Reading The Handy Bug Answer Book. Gilbert Waldbauer.Host selection in phytophagous insects: a new explanation for learning in adults. J. P. Cunningham, S. A. West, and M. P. Zalucki.Host-Plant Selection by Insects. Rosemary H. Collier and Stan Finch.Insects and Plants. Pierre Jolivet.

The Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare - 1146 Words

How certain can one be that they will see tomorrow? How certain can one be that they will see the next second? In William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, all of the characters face uncertainty at some point in the story. The character of Hamlet is, for lack of a better term, a laggard; he procrastinates like no other, making him an uncertain character in his entirety. His most famous line is â€Å"To be, or not to be? That is the question.† The entire scene is about Hamlet’s uncertainty about suicide and death. The ghost is masked in uncertainty. Who is it? Is it real? Why is it around? Ophelia is constantly uncertain of Hamlet and his feelings towards her. Is she a young lady or a little girl? Does she realize the sexual connotations Hamlet makes when he speaks to her? What about Queen Gertrude? Does she know the truth about King Hamlet’s death? Does she marry his brother because she loves him, or because Denmark needs a king? The multiple themes of Hamlet are very obvious: morality, revenge, and death. The all-encompassing theme of Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet is uncertainty. You can tell by the decisions made by characters, the way people speak to one another, and the characters backgrounds. First of all, when speaking of uncertainty, the play begins with the question â€Å"Who’s there?† The very beginning of this tragedy is a soldier being uncertain of who is nearing him at his post. The fact that the first line is a question of who is around the current characterShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1427 Words   |  6 PagesWhy has Hamlet’s rage led him to a death that was destined to happen? Simple, his absolute motive was to seek revenge for the death of his father, who was once the King of Denmark. In this tragedy, Hamlet wanted to put on this image of an insane man. 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ThisRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1131 Words   |  5 PagesTragedy, according to American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, is a drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances. In William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, tragedy is no short supply. Shak espeare takes the reader on a journey of epic proportions through the struggles and conflicts, internal andRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1543 Words   |  7 Pagesplay, The Tragedy of Hamlet, seems to have a domino effect. As Hamlet tries to get his revenge, he brings ruin upon the kingdom. Hamlet is self-doubtful; he doubts himself to a point where he does not know what is true in his life. He constantly contradicts himself, causing many people, whose death was unintended, to die. In Williams Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, in order to portray Hamlet’s tragedy, Shakespeare uses soliloquies, metaphors, symbolism, and anti-thesis. Shakespeare utilizesRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1604, William Shakespeare finished one of the most famous plays of revenge in English history. This play has left a plethora of questions, most left unanswered even after the hundreds of scholars who have analyzed it. The complexity and multiple facades of the characters, the use of many themes, and the symbols in this play have been construed into a delicate tale; Shakespeare purposely left out many details in order to shroud this piece in mystery. In The Tragedy of Hamlet, Shakespeare s vagueRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare2594 Words   |  11 PagesJulian A tragedy is a dramatic work that is about a character whose tragic flaw leads to his downfall and to the demise of many of the other characters. William Shakespeare was a playwright during the Elizabethan Era who was made famous for his literary works of tragedies, comedies and sonnets. One of Shakespeare?s most renowned tragedies is Hamlet. In this classic tragedy the protagonist, Hamlet, pursues revenge and seeks justice against the antagonist, Claudius, for the murder of King Hamlet. As aRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s, The Tragedy of Hamlet, each character stands out in unique ways. Madness is one of the crucial themes as Shakespeare depicts the chaotic turbulence in the Hamlet family and the court of Denmark. Though she is generally read as a minor character, Ophelia’s madness reveals the struggle of the female character that attempts to have a voice of her own. Ophelia’s life ce rtainly seems tragic based on Aristotle s definition of tragedy, which says that â€Å"A tragedy is the imitationRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay1829 Words   |  8 PagesThe tragedy of Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare is one of the best tragedies ever written. The term hamartia, coined by the philosopher Aristotle in his writing Poetics, can be defined as â€Å"tragic flow,† to miss the mark â€Å"leading to a mistake† (American Heritage Dictionary). Aristotle points out that: tragedy is an imitation not only of a complete action, but of events inspiring fear or pity as well as the tragic hero must not be an utter villain or a perfect man, but he must be, then: theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1931 Words   |  8 Pages William Shakespeare is an English Poet known for his famous dramatized writings. Shakespeare was born in the United Kingdom in April. Here are some of his legendary texts: â€Å"Macbeth†, â€Å"Julius Caesar†, and â€Å"Hamlet†. â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet† was written during the sixteenth century and was performed in 1609. Shakespeare writes this tragedy to reveal the roles of women during the Middle Ages. Back then females were referred as noblewomen and were expected to do the following: run households, take careRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe tragedy of Hamlet was an inordinately fascinating play with many profoundly intriguing characters that did a great many heroic and disappointing things despite the intricacy and arduousness to understand the true personality William Shakespeare intended for each. At the beginning of the play, as Hamlet has decided to pretend madness, he pretends he does not love Ophelia anymore, he even rejects her and insults her (Act 3, scene 1). This, of course, means that he has been in love with her before

Law and morals Free Essays

Law and morals Part A Law has been defined by Sir John Salmons as the body of principles recognized and applied by the state in administration of Justice. There are two theories on what law Is, the natural law theory and the positivist law theory Lloyd a natural law theorist defined the law as the constant assertion that there are objective moral principles which depend upon the natural of the universe and can be discovered by reason Natural law theorists believe that for law to be valid It must coincide with natural law. Natural law theorist Aristotle describes natural law to be the law of nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and morals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Positivist law theorists such as John Austin would describe law as ‘a law which exists to be law though we happen to dislike It’ positivists such as Jeremy Beneath rejected natural law theories, he describes them as ‘nonsense on stilts’ his key argument was that natural law was based on principles that could not be proved. Legal positivists believe that a law that is made In a manner recognized by the sovereign power of the state is valid irrespective of its content. Legal rules have many different characteristics. For example breach of legal rules can result in state sanctions and reoccurred – a S. 47 PAPA 1861 offence carried and a maximum sentence of 5 years. Compliance is not a matter of choice when it comes to legal rules. These rules are imposed upon all members of society. Compulsory compliance applies to judge made decisions as well. The case of R v R established that man could be found guilty of raping his wife, this was a Judge made law. Fuller would argue that this is not valid law as it is retrospective. Legal rules are made and take affect at a precise time. A precedent is created in the Judgment of case and it applies to future cases and rower courts. The legislation will only start to take effect at a precise time for example the Smoke Free Premises and Enforcement Regulations , implemented a ban on smoking in public places , were made on 13th December 2006 but came in to effect on the 1st of July 2007. Phil Harris defines society ‘Morality as a set of beliefs, values, principles and standards of behavior. Compliance with moral rules is voluntary, so people have a choice as to whether or not they follow these. People make personal decisions as to what they consider moral and immoral. Moral duties of Individuals ray. For example some people may believe that abortion is immoral while others consider It acceptable. Moral rules develop gradually. They often stem from religious rules made thousands of years ago. Over time, what society once considered Immoral, can become acceptable. For example attitudes towards homosexuality continue to change Moral rules are enforced Informally , usually through social or domestic pressure for example John terry lost his title as the England football team captain because of his Infidelity Sir John Salmons describes the relationship teen law and morality as two Intersecting circles, with the Intersection representing laws with moral values and the separate areas for laws and morals with no connection. Many laws have a moral connection such as the law against murdering another person this can be traced back to religious scriptures such as the 10 Commandments and is punishable by a mandatory life sentence Public morality can influence changes in the law, like abortion was legalized by the Abortions Act consenting adults as society changed to accept homosexuality the more law has followed this change by reducing the age of consent to make it the same for trousseaux couples in 2000. Law reform may result from a campaign to change public morality. Howard league for penal reform persuaded the government to take a look at capital punishment. The government refused to change the laws because society considered death penalty to be morally correct. Subsequently a pressure group was set up, during the years of 1955-1957 public opinion was changed by the campaign; and the government introduced laws to abolish the death penalty Public morality can be influenced by law reform such as the Disability Discrimination Act 995 as by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005, which makes it against the law to discriminate against disable people in any areas of employment, education, access to goods, facilities and services and the function of public authorities. It can be argued that legislation is introduced to with the aim of educating the public to recognize morally wrong behavior. Thus demonstrating the convergence between the two Some legal rules appear to have no moral connection. Like the fact that smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol is legal but cannabis is illegal. Road traffic laws such as irking on a yellow line. In Britain there is no Good Samaritan law, however we all have a moral duty to help those around us if they are in danger. For example a passer-by will not be legally held responsible if they don’t help someone drowning. But they do have a moral duty to help them this was shown in 2007 when 2 Peso’s were subjected to bad media and moral outcry when they failed to help a drowning boy. The reason for divergence between moral and legal rules is that the moral attitude might not me widespread and they may not reflect popular morality The UK as a large multicultural, multiracial society, with citizens with different views on politics and religion. For example some people regard abortion as immoral while others see it as acceptable for medical reasons only at the second reading of the human fertilization and embryology bill on may 20th 2008 MSP voted against reducing the current 24 weeks abortion limit to 20 weeks. Therefore demonstrating that although there is a relationship between Law and Morality it will always be partial. Art B The wolfed report was issued in 1957; it was set up to consider the law relating to nonsexual acts prostitution, also to see the function of the criminal law in such cases. The committee said the function of the law is to pressure public order and decency and to protect citizens from what is offensive or injurious and to provide sufficient safeguards against exploitation and corruption of others, particularly those who are vulnerable. The function of the committee is not to intervene in private life of citizens or to enforce any particular pattern of behavior. The committee made three proposals which were, homosexual acts between two concerting adults should e made legal, soliciting in the streets should be made an offence and selling of services for money should be a private matter. The Hart and Devils debate was prompted by the wolfed report by the wolfed report. The focus of the debate was the extent to which the law can enforce moral rules. Lord Devils set out his view in a book (the enforcement of morals, with Hart setting up his views in his own book that the minority should not be made to conform to the view of the majority when in private. Sir James Stephen argued in his book liberty, equality, fraternity (1874) that o shouldn’t attempt to distinguish between self-regarding act and acts which regards others is like an attempt to distinguish between acts which happen in time and acts that may happen in space. The wolfed report supported Harts view that law and morality should be separate, however various cases decided since the report show that Judges are imposing their moral views on their Judgments, for example R v Brown. This is an example of how moral change led to legal change. Devil’s views are in line with those of Sir James Stephen, as Devils believed that individual privacy should be respect. How to cite Law and morals, Essays

Parliamentary Submission on Legalizing Pill Testing of Ecstasy

Question: Discuss about the Parliamentary Submission on Legalizing Pill Testing of Ecstasy. Answer: Introduction In the last 20 years, the attention of the public health sector has been steering toward Social Determinants of Health (SDOH). These social determinants are the factors outside of medical care, which shape health and are influenced by societal policies in significant ways. There is a significantly large amount of evidence that has been accumulated and which gives compelling data on the role that social factors play in shaping population health across a broad range of settings, indicators, and populations (Marmot and Bell, 2012; Braveman, Egerter, and Williams, 2011; Adler and Stewart, 2010). There have been several researches done which aimed at assessing the impact that social factors have on health. Some of these researches include those by McGinnis and colleagues where they estimated that preventable mortality (10%-15%) was caused by aspects of medical care (McGinnis Williams-Russo, and Knickman, 2002). Studies by Mackenbach (1996) showed that the results by McGinnis et al., were underestimated, which affirms the significance that social factors play. McGinnis and Foege (1993) in their research, showed that 50% of the deaths that occur in the US were as a result of behavioral causes. Health commences in our communities, neighborhoods, workplaces, schools, and homes. It is common knowledge that staying healthy involves adopting habits that promote one's health such as getting immunized, not smoking, visiting a medical center when sick, staying active, and eating well. In addition to adoption of positive habits, our health can be influenced by economic and social opportunities; available support and resources in our communities, neighborhoods, and homes; workplace safety; schooling quality; cleanliness of air, food, and water; as well as the nature of relationship and social interactions. Importance of Addressing SDOH Healthy People 2020, emphasizes the significance of focusing on health social determinants by encompassing the creation of physical and social environments that encourage and bolster good health for every individual (Healthy People, 2010). The World Health Organization shares the same emphasis and to that end, it published the 2008 report: Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Some examples of social determinants include accessing healthcare; public safety; exposure to disorder, crime, and violence; social attitudes and norms, among many others. By working toward establishment of policies that impact economic and social conditions in a positive manner as well as those that encourage changes in individual behavior, the larger population health will be improved in sustainable ways and over long durations of time. By improving the quality of individual relationships with each other as well as the conditions of our playing, working, learning, and living places, it will be possible to create a population workforce and society that is healthy. Several scientific literatures have delved into the relative contributions made by behavioral, environments, and social factors in the promotion of health and in the reduction of premature mortality (Chiu et al., 2009; Lee Paxman, 1997). These studies have given similar conclusions that when it comes to health, factors that are non-medical play a greater role than those that are medical. Researchers have estimated that accessing high quality medical care could result in 20% prevention of avoidable deaths. 60% of avoidable deaths are attributed to environmental, behavioral, and social health determinants while the remaining 20% are due to a person's genetic makeup (McGinnis et al., 2002). Other researches allude similar patterns for diseases that are more specific such as diabetes, stroke, and heart disease (Hu et al., 2001; Platz et al., 2000; Stampfer et al., 2000). Scope of the Problem The last six years has seen a sharp increase of NSW hospital visits by ecstasy users. A study done in emergency units of 59 NSW health facilities showed that patient presentations in these facilities by persons aged between 16 and 24 years increased to 814 in 2015 from 413 in 2010. These patients presented themselves with ecstasy related complications and complaints (Christodoulou, Hanna, Balendra, and Worthington 2016). The year 2015, recorded the worst statistics in the history of music festivals with four deaths occurring between the months of September and December. The total deaths reached an all time of 6 in 2015 and included the demise of Stefan Woodward and Sylvia Choi who passed on after attending Stereosonic festivals in Adelaide and Sydney respectively (Christodoulou et al., 2016). This rise in ecstasy related death toll points to the urgent need for the government to consider revising its hard-line stance of not legalizing pill testing. Consumption of illicit drugs and especially ecstasy is quite common among young people. A survey by the EDRS(2014) shows that approximately 7% of persons between the ages of 18-19 years and 11% of persons between the age of 20-29years had consumed the drug over a 12 month period prior to conducting the survey. The survey also showed that 70% of ecstasy consumption occurs in dance parties, festivals, and clubs. Wide support of Pill Testing Availing pill-testing kits or setting up testing booths in places and venues where there is high consumption rates of ecstasy could be a way of informing users on the content of the said drugs. There is equipment that is capable of carrying out real time tests and this could help users check the drugs beforehand (Ritter, 2010). Research indicates that there is high support among youth for pill testing. A 2013 national survey carried out by the Australian National Council on Drugs and which included 2,300 participants, showed that 82% of the respondents aged 16-25 supported the introduction of pill testing. These findings are consistent with the overall views held by youth: better information for better decisions (Ritter, 2014). The idea of pill testing is not a radical one. There are countries across Europe including France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, and the Netherlands which provide the service as an intervention for harm reduction. (Ritter, 2014) Reasons why ecstasy pill testing should be legalized The first reason is that there is evidence that pill testing changes the black market. When a product is identified as a danger and is subsequently labelled as a hazard, it is likely to leave the market (Ritter, 2014). The second reason is that research has shown that over time, the contents of tested pills correspond to the component that is expected. What this implies is that there is high likelihood of resulting in positive changes in the black market. Thirdly, behavioural change is eminent. A study done in Austria showed that 50% of persons who submitted their drugs for testing said that the result affected their choice to consume or not. Of the surveyed population, two thirds indicated that that they would opt not to consume the drug and would go a step further and warn their friends against consuming the same in cases where the results were negative (Ritter, 2014). Fourthly, a visit to a pill testing booth is an opportunity to access information and support that goes beyond the testing. These booths allow drug service providers to access a population that is normally difficult to access as the users do not experience any acute drug problems. The fifth reason is that pill testing allows for the opportunity for the various stakeholders to capture data on the actual substances in drugs used on site. This also means that an early warning system can be created. This will be especially useful as there are new psychoactive ingredients that are being added as adulterants and in a more frequent manner Regulation or prohibition of recreational drugs has been an issue that society has grappled with over a long period of time. Although it is at times necessary to prohibit the use of recreational drugs, it also poses the risk of increasing danger. Besides the harmful effects that these drugs pose, the untested and unregulated nature of the market exposes them to contamination or adulteration. More specifically, there are three risks that are related to illicit drug production (Hunt et al, 2003): contamination during the process of production; adulteration using cutting, bulking, imitation, or cheap agents; dosages that are excessively pure or strong. The aforementioned problems are common in parties in held in places including night clubs, festivals, and music events. Most often, party drugs are pills that can be easily adulterated and impossible to sight quickly (Schroers, 2002). Ecstasy pills sold and distributed in Australia rank among the highest with regard to causing danger. This was revealed after conducting a review of more than 27,000 pills in five countries and over a period of one decade (Project Know, 2014) The said ecstasy pills have the highest toxicity as well as the highest amount of potentially fatal ingredients (PMA)(Project Know, 2014). In the period between 2000 and 2004, there were a total of 112 fatalities, all linked to ecstasy use. This lead to the identification of ecstasy toxicity as a high clinical risk (Kaye et al., 2009) The drug policy in Australia is founded on three pillars namely: harm reduction, demand reduction, and supply reduction. States such as Victoria have policies in place that focus on demand reduction via deterrence. This is done using sniffer dogs. However, the success rate of the sniffer dog programs is unsatisfactory in terms of drug detection and prosecution outcomes. The program is also a health risk as people may be tempted to consume their drugs at one go to avoid arrest and this could potentially result in death of the consumer. An alternative approach, based on harm reduction, provides the best way forward. This will include drug market monitoring for the creation of an early warning system, on-site pill testing, data publication from drug seizures carried out by police in parties. For starters, on-site pill testing reduces the potential for persons to consume illicit drugs as most opt not to use them once they are alerted on contents and strength risks. Secondly, early warning systems are effective in preventing consumption of fatal drugs. Thirdly monitoring of the drug market and campaigning against harmful drugs results in withdrawal of such drugs from the market (Kaye, 2009). A monitoring system would allow for easier diagnoses in healthcare facilities as well as treatment of patients in emergency rooms as well as in the field. Forensic police departments in States such as Victoria compile data on drug seizures that though comprehensive, is not shared or publicized. No legislative change would be required to publicize the information and neither would it require large amounts of additional resources (Kaye, 2009). Harm reduction calls for the evaluation of policies with regard to overall impact of drug harm and not on the overall impact of drug use. It is therefore the recommendation of this Submission that the primary concern should be proposed measures' effectiveness in harm reduction of drugs of unknown toxicity and purity, even when they will not contribute necessarily to drug use reduction. Effectiveness of pill testing Several surveys show that pill testing reduces consumption of high risk recreational drugs (Tregoning Submission). In a hypothetical study done in Australia, 76% of the participants reported that they would refrain from consuming a drug that had unknown ingredients in it. A majority (63%) were interested in the availability of pill testing. With regard to GHB, on-site testing can also detect the presence of this substance in alcohol which could prevent date rape and spiking (Johnston et al., 2006) Recommendations Establishment of a Dutch model drug-monitoring network that allows for public members to submit drugs for testing. These will be located in various places and the data submitted to a central depository for laboratory analysis Establishment of an early warning system with data collection form police seizures, systematic monitoring, and on-site testing. Research on the legality of doctors accepting drugs from their patients which will be sent for analysis at a central laboratory. Setting up of on-site pill testing booths in hot zones such as music festivals. Administration of on-site testing by qualified laboratory personnel. On-site testing is carried out by experts using mass spectrometry and chromatography. Discourage sale and distribution of on-site testing kits that use reagents. Avail data from drug seizures to the health sector, support services, and other stakeholders. Publication of data collected from drug seizures to act as public warnings and inform on drug market trends. Discontinuation of PAD Dog program in music festivals. Universities to collaborate on availing on-site lab-grade testing. On-site testing facilities users be required to be interviewed or to fill a questionnaire References Braveman P, Egerter S, Williams DR (2011). The social determinants of health: coming of age.Annu Rev Public Health.32:38198. Chiu, G. R., Araujo, A. B., Travison, T. G., Hall, S. A., McKinlay, J. B. (2009). Relative contributions of multiple determinants to bone mineral density in men. Osteoporos Int, 20(12), 2035-2047. doi: 10.1007/s00198-009-0895-0 Christodoulou, Hanna, Balendra, and Worthington (2016) Government urged to consider pill testing as number of ecstasy users appearing at NSW hospitals doubles. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-15/ecstasy-government-pressured-to-consider-party-drug-testing/7166220 EDRS (2014) 2014 Drug Trends Conference Handout https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/2014%20Drug%20Trends%20Conference%20Handout%20EDRS.pdf Healthy People(2010)Secretarys Advisory Committee on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2020.Healthy People 2020: An Opportunity to Address the Societal Determinants of Health in the United States.July 26, 2010. Available from:https://www.healthypeople.gov/2010/hp2020/advisory/SocietalDeterminantsHealth.htm Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med, 345(11), 790-797. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010492 Hunt, N et al (2003). A review of the evidence-base for harm reduction approaches to drug use, Forward Thinking on Drugs, 33, accessed at https://www.ihra.net/files/2010/05/31/HIVTop50Documents11.pdf on 6 March 2016. Johnston, J et al (2006). A survey of regular ecstasy users knowledge and practices around determining pill content and purity: Implications for policy and practice, International Journal of Drug Policy 17: 464-472. Kaye, S et al (2009). Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-related fatalities in Australia: Demographics, circumstances, toxicology and major organ pathology, 104 Drug and Alcohol Dependence 3: 254-261. Lee, P., Paxman, D. (1997). Reinventing public health. Annu Rev Public Health, 18, 1-35. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.1 Mackenbach JP.(1996) The contribution of medical care to mortality decline: McKeown revisited.J Clin Epidemiol.49:120713. Marmot M, Bell R.(2012). Fair society, healthy lives.Public Health.126(Suppl 1):S410. McGinnis JM, Foege WH (1993). Actual causes of death in the United States.JAMA.270:220712. McGinnis JM, Williams-Russo P, Knickman JR. (2002)The case for more active policy attention to health promotion.Health Aff (Millwood)21:7893. Platz, E. A., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., Giovannucci, E. (2000). Proportion of colon cancer risk that might be preventable in a cohort of middle-aged US men. Cancer Causes Control, 11(7), 579-588. Project Know (2014) Jagged Little Pill: Examining the contents of 27,000 ecstasy pills, Project Know: Understanding Addiction, 2014, accessed at https://www.projectknow.com/discover/jagged-little-pill/ on 14 April 2016. Ritter, A (2014) Six reasons why Australia should pilot pill testing party drugs, National Drugs and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), UNSW Faculty of Medicine, NSW, accessed at https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/blog/six-reasons-australia-should-pilot-pill-testing-party-drugs on 23rd March 2017. Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C. (2000). Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med, 343(1), 16-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007063430103 Tregoning, W. Submission to NSW Department of Premier and Cabinet on pill testing and drug checking processes, 23rd March 2016, accessed at https://www.dpc.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/181184/DPC16-01642.pdf World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health.Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health.Available from:https://www.who.int/social_determinants/en